A Rehabilitation Experimental Program on Low-Strength Concrete with Steel Bar Planting

Document Type : Regular Paper

Authors

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran, Iran

2 M.Sc. Graduated, Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Many concrete structures need rehabilitation during their service life for different reasons; poor quality of construction, relatively lower compressive strength of concrete, non-compliance with existing or updated design codes, and buildings that experienced an intensive earthquake are to name but a few. One of the solutions to strengthen concrete structures is to install rebar inside the structural components. In this paper, the effect of steel rebar planting with a constant nominal diameter of 8 mm along with two different lengths (i.e., 35 and 55 mm) as well as two different planting angles (i.e., 0 and 45 degrees) have considered as variables. Therefore, the rebar planting process has conducted on 12 low-strength cylindrical concrete specimens with an initial compressive strength of 15.5 MPa. The concrete column specimens were tested under uniaxial compressive load after rebar planting. The results of this study indicated that rebar planting leads to an increase in the initial compressive strength of the concrete specimens in general. The specimens with 35 mm and 55 mm planted length witnessed an average enhancement of 17% and 23%, respectively. Moreover, considering the angle of planted rebar as another variable parameter, the obtained results revealed that the maximum compressive load for both 35 mm and 55 mm specimens with a planting angle of 0-degree and 45-degree almost followed the same increase and improved by an average of 5%.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1]      Duranni A.J., Elnashai A.S., Hashash Y.M.A KSJ and MA. The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005, A Quick Look Report. Urbana-Champaign: 2005.
[2]      Franke KW, Candia G, Mayoral JM, Wood CM, Montgomery J, Hutchinson T, et al. Observed building damage patterns and foundation performance in Mexico City following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 2019;125:105708. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105708.
[3]      Ruiz-Pinilla JG, Adam JM, Pérez-Cárcel R, Yuste J, Moragues JJ. Learning from RC building structures damaged by the earthquake in Lorca, Spain, in 2011. Eng Fail Anal 2016;68:76–86. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.05.013.
[4]      Ma CK, Apandi NM, Sofrie CSY, Ng JH, Lo WH, Awang AZ, et al. Repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures using confinement: A review. Constr Build Mater 2017;133:502–15. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.100.
[5]      Rousakis TC. Discussion of the review paper “Repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures using confinement: A review” by Chau-Khun Ma, Nazirah Mohd Apandi, Sofrie Chin Siew Yung, Ng Jen Hau, Lo Wen Haur, Abdullah Zawawi Awang, Wahid Omar [Construction and Buildin. Constr Build Mater 2017;142:572–3. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.050.
[6]      Liang H, Li W, Huang Y, Lu Y. Axial behaviour of CFST stub columns strengthened with steel tube and sandwiched concrete jackets. Thin-Walled Struct 2020;155:106942. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2020.106942.
[7]      Xie J, Fu Q, Yan JB. Compressive behaviour of stub concrete column strengthened with ultra-high performance concrete jacket. Constr Build Mater 2019;204:643–58. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.220.
[8]      Villar-Salinas S, Guzmán A, Carrillo J. Performance evaluation of structures with reinforced concrete columns retrofitted with steel jacketing. J Build Eng 2021;33:101510. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101510.
[9]      Sathwik MC, Prashanth MH, Naik SC, Satish A. Experimental and numerical studies on compressive behaviour of CFRP wrapped cylindrical concrete specimens subjected to different pre-loading conditions. Mater Today Proc 2019;27:327–35. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.041.
[10]    Durgadevi S, Karthikeyan S, Lavanya N, Kavitha C. A review on retrofitting of reinforced concrete elements using FRP. Mater Today Proc 2020. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.148.
[11]    Soman M, Mohan J. Rehabilitation of RC columns using ferrocement jacketing. Constr Build Mater 2018;181:156–62. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.206.
[12]    Al-Saadi NTK, Mohammed A, Al-Mahaidi R, Sanjayan J. A state-of-the-art review: Near-surface mounted FRP composites for reinforced concrete structures. Constr Build Mater 2019;209:748–69. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.121.
[13]    Saeed HZ, Khan QUZ, Khan HA, Farooq R. Experimental investigation of stress-strain behavior of CFRP confined Low Strength Concrete (LSC) cylinders. Constr Build Mater 2016;104:208–15. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.061.
[14]    Trapani F Di, Malavisi M, Marano GC, Greco R, Ferrotto MF. Optimal design algorithm for seismic retrofitting of RC columns with steel jacketing technique. Procedia Manuf, vol. 44, Elsevier B.V.; 2020, p. 639–46. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.245.
[15]    Di Trapani F, Malavisi M, Marano GC, Sberna AP, Greco R. Optimal seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings by steel-jacketing using a genetic algorithm-based framework. Eng Struct 2020;219:110864. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110864.
[16]    Cho CG, Han BC, Lim SC, Morii N, Kim JW. Strengthening of reinforced concrete columns by High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite (HPFRC) sprayed mortar with strengthening bars. Compos Struct 2018;202:1078–86. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.05.045.
[17]    Sakr MA, El Korany TM, Osama B. Analysis of RC columns strengthened with ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete jackets under eccentric loading. Eng Struct 2020;220:111016. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111016.
[18]    Doostmohamadi A, Karamloo M, Afzali-Naniz O. Effect of polyolefin macro fibers and handmade GFRP anchorage system on improving the bonding behavior of GFRP bars embedded in self-compacting lightweight concrete. Constr Build Mater 2020;253:119230. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119230.
[19]    Karamloo M, Afzali-Naniz O, Doostmohamadi A. Impact of using different amounts of polyolefin macro fibers on fracture behavior, size effect, and mechanical properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete. Constr Build Mater 2020;250:118856. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118856.
[20]    B.J. Bett, R.E. Klingner JOJ. Lateral load response of strengthened and repaired reinforced concrete columns. ACI Struct J 1988;85 (5):499–508.
[21]    U. Ersoy, A.T. Tankut RS. Behavior of jacketed columns. ACI Struct J 1993;90:288–293.
[22]    M. Rodriguez RP. Seismic load tests on reinforced concrete columns strengthened by jacketing. ACI Struct J 1994;91 (2):150–159.
[23]    Sharbatdar MK, Abbasi M, Fakharian P. Improving the Properties of Self-compacted Concrete with Using Combined Silica Fume and Metakaolin. Period Polytech Civ Eng 2020;64:535–44. doi:10.3311/PPci.11463.
[24]    Xiao Y, Wu H. Compressive behavior of concrete confined by carbon fiber composite jackets. J Mater Civ Eng 2000;12:139–46.
[25]    GREEN MF, BISBY LA, FAM AZ, KODUR KR. FRP confined concrete columns: Behaviour under extreme conditions. Cem Concr Compos 2006;28.
[26]    Tastani SP, Pantazopoulou SJ. Experimental evaluation of FRP jackets in upgrading RC corroded columns with substandard detailing. Eng Struct 2004;26:817–29. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.02.003.
[27]    Valdmanis V, De Lorenzis L, Rousakis T, Tepfers R. Behaviour and capacity of CFRP-confined concrete cylinders subjected to monotonic and cyclic axial compressive load. Struct Concr 2007;8:187–200. doi:10.1680/stco.2007.8.4.187.
[28]    Naderpour H, Nagai K, Fakharian P, Haji M. Innovative models for prediction of compressive strength of FRP-confined circular reinforced concrete columns using soft computing methods. Compos Struct 2019;215:69–84. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.02.048.
[29]    Yan Z, Pantelides CP, Reaveley LD. Posttensioned FRP Composite Shells for Concrete Confinement. J Compos Constr 2007;11:81–90. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:1(81).
[30]    Eligehausen R, Mallée R, Silva JF. Anchorage in Concrete Construction. Berlin, Germany: Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG; 2012. doi:10.1002/9783433601358.
[31]    Cook RA. Behavior of Chemically Bonded Anchors. J Struct Eng 1993;119:2744–62. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:9(2744).
[32]    Çalişkan Ö, Yilmaz S, Kaplan H, Kiraç N. Shear strength of epoxy anchors embedded into low strength concrete. Constr Build Mater 2013;38:723–30. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.020.
[33]    Upadhyaya P, Kumar S. Pull-out capacity of adhesive anchors: An analytical solution. Int J Adhes Adhes 2015;60:54–62. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.03.006.
[34]    McVay M, Cook RA, Krishnamurthy K. Pullout Simulation of Postinstalled Chemically Bonded Anchors. J Struct Eng 1996;122:1016–24. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:9(1016).
[35]    Fan CC, Luo JH. Numerical study on the optimum layout of soil-nailed slopes. Comput Geotech 2008;35:585–99. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.09.002.
[36]    González F, Fernández J, Agranati G, Villanueva P. Influence of construction conditions on strength of post installed bonded anchors. Constr Build Mater 2018;165:272–83. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.144.
[37]    Byrne R, Cotton D, Porterfield J, Wolschlag C. Manual for design and construction monitoring of soil nail walls 1996.
[38]    CARTIER G, G C, JP G. EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL NAILING STRUCTURES 1983.
[39]    Jewell R, Engineering MP-G, 1990  undefined. Soil nailing design: the role of bending stiffness. TridTrbOrg n.d.
[40]    Carvalho EP, Miranda MP, Fernandes DSG, Alves GV. Comparison of test methodologies to evaluate steel-concrete bond strength of thin reinforcing bar. Constr Build Mater 2018;183:243–52. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.109.
[41]    Mousavi SS, Dehestani M, Mousavi KK. Bond strength and development length of steel bar in unconfined self-consolidating concrete. Eng Struct 2017;131:587–98. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.10.029.
[42]    Esfahani, M Reza; Kianoush MR. Development/Splice Length of Reinforcing Bars. ACI Struct J 2005;102:22–30.
[43]    Hamedmirjafari B, Bolouri Bazzaz J, Abrishami S. Calibration of bar-Concrete Bond Stress Relationships for Bond Stress Prediction of GFRP Soil Nails Using Experimental Pullout Tests. J Rehabil Civ Eng 2019;0:18–36. doi:10.22075/jrce.2019.14856.1279.
[44]    ASTM C192 / C192M - 16a Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory n.d.
[45]    408R-03: Bond and Development of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension (Reapproved 2012) n.d.