Determination of optimal Distance of Anchor-blocks in Buried Oil Pipelines Considering the Effects of the Dynamic Soil-Pipe Interaction

Document Type : Research Note

Authors

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan University

2 Faculty of Civil engineering, Semnan University

Abstract

In this paper, by using direct modeling of the soil-pipe line system using finite element modelling (FEM) in OpenSEES software and integration with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm which is provided in MATLAB software in the reciprocating method, which is repeated in enough epochs, the optimal intervals of the anchor blocks has been gained and the effect of different parameters of pipe diameter, pipe length, burial depth, different soils and different earthquake stimuli on the seismic behavior of pipes having anchor blocks investigated.
The results show that the change in the depth of the burial and the diameter of the pipe has no effect on the anchor block optimal intervals. Also, increasing the length of the pipe will cause to increase the proposed optimal distance between the anchor blocks. The levels of earthquake hazard and soil type, as well as the length of the pipe, are factors affecting on the distance between the anchor blocks. The simultaneous effect of softening the soil and increasing the level of the earthquake hazard increases the distance between the anchor blocks.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Barka, A. (1999). "The 17 august 1999 Izmit earthquake." Science 285(5435): 1858-1859.
[2] Dietz, L. D. and W. L. Ellsworth (1990). "The October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta, California, earthquake and its aftershocks: Geometry of the sequence from high‐resolution locations." Geophysical Research Letters 17(9): 1417-1420.
[3] Estrada, M., Kohiyama, M., Matsuoka, M., & Yamazaki, F. (2001). Detection of damage due to the 2001 El Salvador earthquake using Landsat images.
[4] Eberhart-Phillips, D., Haeussler, P. J., Freymueller, J. T., Frankel, A. D., Rubin, C. M., Craw, P., . . . Crone, A. J. (2003). The 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska: A large magnitude, slip-partitioned event. Science, 300(5622), 1113-1118.
[5] Stein, R. S., King, G. C., & Lin, J. (1994). Stress triggering of the 1994 M= 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake by its predecessors. Science, 265(5177), 1432-1435.
[6] Fallah, AA. Akbari Pazoki, H.  ‘Seismic behavior of buried     pipelines.' Second National Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Dec. 2014.
 [7] Arsto, M. Efati Daryani, Kh. 9-11 winter 2015. 'Surveying the behavior of buried pipelines against seismic vulnerability factors.' Third International Congress of Civil Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Iran.
[8] Brahman, F. Manshori, MR. niknahad, D. Sep. 2002. 'Report on damage to pipes in past earthquakes and study of pipe failure patterns (Report 005).
[9] Manshori, MR. Bastami, M '. (2013) A Review on the Seismic Design of Gas Pipelines. 'Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Year 16, Number 3 and 4.
[10] Mirza Gol Tabar Roshan, A. Mahdavi Omran, S. Summer 94. 'Investigating the dynamical behavior of a network of pipelines with fluidization of a part of the earth caused by earthquake acceleration'. Scientific-Research Journal of Structural Engineering and Construction Year 2, 67 76.
[11] Khodakarami, M.I., Khakpour Moghaddam, H. (2017). “Evaluating the Performance of Rehabilitated Roadway Base with Geogrid Reinforcement in the Presence of Soil-Geogrid-Interaction.”Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 5-1:33-46.
[12] Ganjavi, B., Bararnia, M., & Azad, A. (2018). Soil Structure Interaction Effects on Hysteretic Energy Demand for Stiffness Degrading Systems Built on Flexible Soil Sites. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering, 6(2), 77-91.
[13] Ganjavi, B., Rezagholilou,A. (2019). “Seismic Evaluation of Flexible-Base Low-Rise Frames Using Beam-On-Nonlinear-Winkler-Foundation Modeling of Shallow Footings.”Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 7-4:57-71.
[14] Hezarian, p. 'Investigation of earthquake-induced earthquake damage to high pressure gas pipelines', Master's Thesis, Azad University.
 [15] Hindy, A. and M. Novak (1979). “Earthquake response of underground  pipelines.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 7(5): 451-476. 
[16] LI, H., JIN, L., & YAO, B. (2008). Response analysis of buried pipelines due to Large ground movements. Paper presented at the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October.
 [17] Hosseini, M. Vetio, M (1376). the Guidelines for seismic design of gas and oil  pipelines, international research center of seismology and earthquake engineering.
 [18] Ariman, T. and G. E. Muleski (1981). “A review of the response of buried pipelines under seismic excitations.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 9(2): 133-152. 
[19] Shinozuka, M. and T. Koike (1979). Estimation of structural strains in underground lifeline pipes, Columbia University, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics.  
[20] O’Rourke, M. J. and X. Liu (1999). “Response of buried pipelines subject to earthquake effects.”  
[21] Datta, T. (1999). “Seismic response of buried pipelines: a state-of-the-art review.” Nuclear Engineering and Design 192(2-3): 271-284.
 [22] Yan, Y., Zhang, L., & Yan, X. (2016). Push Force Analysis of Anchor Block of the Oil and Gas Pipeline in a Single-Slope Tunnel Based on the Energy Balance Method. PloS one, 11(3), e0150964.
[23] Ghods, F. Khodakarami, MI. 8-10 May 2018. 'Investigating the presence of anchor blocks in seismic behavior of buried pipelines by considering soil-to-soil interaction.' Eleventh International Congress of Civil Engineering, Tehran University of Tehran, Iran.
[24] Al-Gahtani, H. J. (2009). Optimum design of buried pipeline block anchors. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 14(4), 190-193.
[25] Yan, Y., Zhang, L., & Yan, X. (2016). Push Force Analysis of Anchor Block of the Oil and Gas Pipeline in a Single-Slope Tunnel Based on the Energy Balance Method. PloS one, 11(3), e0150964.
[26] Zhang, L., Yan, X., & Yang, X. (2016). Using the unit force method to analyze thrust acting on anchor blocks caused by thermal expansion displacement of X80 tunnel pipelines. Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 7(1), 04015012.
 [27] Bleistein, N. (2012). Mathematical methods for wave phenomena, Academic   Press.
 [28] Gilmore, C., Mojabi, P., & LoVetri, J. (2009). Comparison of an enhanced distorted born iterative method and the multiplicative-regularized contrast source inversion method. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 57(8), 2341-2351.
 [29] Hopcraft, K. and P. R. Smith (2013). An introduction to electromagnetic inverse scattering, Springer Science & Business Media.
 [30] Tikhonov, A. and V. Y. Arsenin (1977). Methods for solving ill-posed problems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 [31] Cohen, J. K. and N. Bleistein (1977). “An inverse method for determining small variations in propagation speed.” SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 32(4): 784-799.
[32] Potthast, R. (2006). “A survey on sampling and probe methods for inverse problems.” Inverse Problems 22(2): R1.
[33] Li, X., Bond, E. J., Van Veen, B. D., & Hagness, S. C. (2005). An overview of ultra-wideband microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early-stage breast-cancer detection. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 47(1), 19-34.
[34] Cohen, J. K. and N. Bleistein (1977). “An inverse method for determining small variations in propagation speed.” SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 32(4): 784-799.
[35] Scott Jr, W. R., Larson, G. D., Martin, J. S., & Rogers, P. H. (2000). Seismic/electromagnetic system for landmine detection. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 107(5), 2897-2897.
[36] Amini-Moghaddam, S., Khodakarami, M., & Nikpoo, B. (2020). DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT STEEL FRAMES CONSIDERING STRUCTURE-SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS USING PSO. Iran University of Science & Technology, 10(1), 17-33.
[37] Nadjafi, S., Ghodrati Amiri, G., Zare Hosseinzadeh, A., & Seyed Razzaghi, S. A. (2020). An Effective Approach for Damage Identification in Beam-Like Structures Based on Modal Flexibility Curvature and Particle Swarm Optimization. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering, 8(1), 109-120.
[38] Ghods, F.(2018). 'Optimization of Anchor Blocks Distance in Buried Oil Pipelines Considering the Effects of the Dynamic Soil- Pipe Interaction', Master's Thesis, Semnan University.
[39] Tsinidis, G., Di Sarno, L., Sextos, A., & Furtner, P. (2020). Optimal intensity measures for the structural assessment of buried steel natural gas pipelines due to seismically-induced axial compression at geotechnical discontinuities. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 131, 106030. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106030
[40] SHAMSAEI, M., KHODAKARAMI, M. I., & Reza, M. DETERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FRAGILITY CURVES FOR BURIED PIPELINES REGARDING PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION EFFECTS.
[41]    Livaoglu, R., Investigation of seismic behavior of fluid–rectangular tank–soil/foundation systems in frequency domain. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2008. 28(2): p. 132-146.
[42] API Specification 5L, American Petroleum Institute, Washington D.C., 2000.
[43] Hosseini, M, Kenarangi, H.(92). "Application of OpenSEES Software in Structural Modeling and Analysis". Azade publishing house.
[44]    ASCE, Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings (FEMA 356). Prepared for FEMA, 2000.
[45] Lee, D. H., Kim, B. H., Lee, H., & Kong, J. S. (2009). Seismic behavior of a buried gas pipeline under earthquake excitations. Engineering structures, 31(5), 1011-1023.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 27 June 2020
  • Revise Date: 01 May 2021
  • Accept Date: 01 May 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics