Assessment of the Magnetic Field Influence on the Mechanical, Durability and Microstructural Properties of Concrete Containing Silica Fume

Document Type : Regular Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

3 Ph.D., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

4 Postdoctoral, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

The present experimental research aims to evaluate the effect of applying directly magnetic flux densities of 0.5, 0.8 and 1 Tesla (T) to fresh concrete specimens containing 5 and 10% silica fume (SF). Regarding this, compressive and flexural strengths tests were used to assess the mechanical properties of the concrete. Furthermore, durability, of concrete specimens exposed to magnetic fileds (MFs) was investigated using the electrical resistance and chloride ion penetration tests. In order to analyze the microstructure of concrete, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken from concrete specimens subjected to MFs. Finally, a method has been introduced to determine the flexural strength of concrete under the influence of MF, relying on its cylinder compressive strength. According to this study observations, optimal results were achieved through MF of 1 T and 10% SF replacement. Hence, applying MF of 1 T to concrete specimens incorporating 10% SF enhanced their compressive, flexural and electrical strengths by 24, 15 and 18%, respectively. Following this, depth of chloride ions penetration was decreased by 15%. The SEM analysis revealed that the microstructure of concrete exposed to MF becomes denser and less porous, supporting the mechanical and durability findings.

Highlights

  • Applying the MFs to concrete specimens incorporating SF increased their durability in a NaCl environment.
  • A power equation has been proposed to determine the flexural strength of concrete with SF, which was subjected to the MF.
  • A large amount of C-S-H gel generated through MF in concrete significantly contributed to its improved mechanical strength and durability.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]      Raza SS, Amir MT, Azab M, Ali B, Abdallah M, El Ouni MH, et al. Effect of micro-silica on the physical, tensile, and load-deflection characteristics of micro fiber-reinforced high-performance concrete (HPC). Case Stud Constr Mater 2022;17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01380.
[2]      Tayeh BA, Akeed MH, Qaidi S, Bakar BHA. Influence of microsilica and polypropylene fibers on the fresh and mechanical properties of ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete (UHP-GPC). Case Stud Constr Mater 2022;17:e01367.
[3]      Haastrup S, Bødker MS, Hansen SR, Yu D, Yue Y. Impact of amorphous micro silica on the C-S-H phase formation in porous calcium silicates. J Non Cryst Solids 2018;481:556–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.11.051.
[4]      Bhagat N. K GJS. Effect of micro-silica and nano-silica on mechanical properties of concrete. Int J Civ Eng Technol 2018;9:1–7.
[5]      Potapov VV, Efimenko YV, Gorev DS. Determination of the amount of Ca(OH)2 bound by additive nano-SiO2 in cement matrices. Nanotechnologies Constr A Sci Internet-Journal 2019;11:415–32. https://doi.org/10.15828/2075-8545-2019-11-4-415-432.
[6]      Pratap B. Analysis of the synergistic effects of micro silica on the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete incorporating phosphogypsum. J Build Eng 2024;93:109831.
[7]      Pandey A, Kumar B. Effects of rice straw ash and micro silica on mechanical properties of pavement quality concrete. J Build Eng 2019;26:100889.
[8]      Çelik Aİ, Özkılıç YO, Bahrami A, Hakeem IY. Mechanical performance of geopolymer concrete with micro silica fume and waste steel lathe scraps. Case Stud Constr Mater 2023;19:e02548.
[9]      Garg R, Garg R, Singla S. Experimental investigation of electrochemical corrosion and chloride penetration of concrete incorporating colloidal nanosilica and silica fume. J Electrochem Sci Technol 2021;12:440–52.
[10]     Ahmad S, Al-Amoudi OSB, Khan SMS, Maslehuddin M. Effect of silica fume inclusion on the strength, shrinkage and durability characteristics of natural pozzolan-based cement concrete. Case Stud Constr Mater 2022;17:e01255.
[11]     Eftekhar Afzali S, Ghasemi M, Rahimiratki A, Mehdizadeh B, Yousefieh N, Asgharnia M. Compaction and Compression Behavior of Waste Materials and Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Treated Sand. J Struct Des Constr Pract 2025;30. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDCCC.SCENG-1643.
[12]     Mehdizadeh Miyandehi B, Vessalas K, Castel A MM. Investigation of carbonation behaviour in high-volume ggbfs concrete for rigid road pavements. ASCP (Australian Soc Concr Pavements) 2023.
[13]     Esfahani AR, Reisi M, Mohr B. Magnetized water effect on compressive strength and dosage of superplasticizers and water in self-compacting concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 2018;30:4018008.
[14]     Ghorbani S, Ghorbani S, Tao Z, De Brito J, Tavakkolizadeh M. Effect of magnetized water on foam stability and compressive strength of foam concrete. Constr Build Mater 2019;197:280–90.
[15]     Hajforoush M, Madandoust R, Kazemi M. Effects of simultaneous utilization of natural zeolite and magnetic water on engineering properties of self-compacting concrete. Asian J Civ Eng 2019;20:289–300.
[16]     Hamed YR, Yousry Elshikh MM, Elshami AA, Matthana MHS, Youssf O. Mechanical properties of fly ash and silica fume based geopolymer concrete made with magnetized water activator. Constr Build Mater 2024;411:134376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134376.
[17]     Reddy BSK, Ghorpade VG, Rao HS. Effect of magnetic field exposure time on workability and compressive strength of magnetic water concrete. Int J Adv Eng Technol 2013;4:120–2.
[18]     Cai R, Yang H, He J, Zhu W. The effects of magnetic fields on water molecular hydrogen bonds. J Mol Struct 2009;938:15–9.
[19]     Gholhaki M, Hajforoush M, Kazemi M. An investigation on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating magnetic water with various pozzolanic materials. Constr Build Mater 2018;158:173–80.
[20]     Su N, Wu Y-H, Mar C-Y. Effect of magnetic water on the engineering properties of concrete containing granulated blast-furnace slag. Cem Concr Res 2000;30:599–605.
[21]     Su N, Wu C-F. Effect of magnetic field treated water on mortar and concrete containing fly ash. Cem Concr Compos 2003;25:681–8.
[22]     Soto-Bernal JJ, Gonzalez-Mota R, Rosales-Candelas I, Ortiz-Lozano JA. Effects of static magnetic fields on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of cement pastes. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2015;2015:934195.
[23]     Abavisani I, Rezaifar O, Kheyroddin A. Alternating magnetic field effect on fine-aggregate steel chip–reinforced concrete properties. J Mater Civ Eng 2018;30:4018087.
[24]     Hajforoush M, Kheyroddin A, Rezaifar O, Kioumarsi M. The effects of uniform magnetic field on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete incorporating steel fibers. Sci Iran 2021;28:2557–67.
[25]     Hajforoush M, Kheyroddin A, Rezaifar O, Kazemi M. Magnetic field effect on bond performance between reinforcement and concrete containing steel fibers. J Build Eng 2024;98:111215.
[26]     Javahershenas F, Gilani MS, Hajforoush M. Effect of magnetic field exposure time on mechanical and microstructure properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). J Build Eng 2021;35:101975.
[27]     Xue W, Chen J, Xie F, Feng B. Orientation of steel fibers in magnetically driven concrete and mortar. Materials (Basel) 2018;11:170.
[28]     Chen J, Wang J, Jin W. Study of magnetically driven concrete. Constr Build Mater 2016;121:53–9.
[29]     Amini MM, Ghanepour M, Rezaifar O. Experimental analysis of the impact of alternating magnetic fields on the compressive strength of concrete with various silica sand and microsilica compositions. Case Stud Constr Mater 2024;21:e03487.
[30]     Rezaifar O, Ghanepour M, Amini MM. A novel magnetic approach to improve compressive strength and magnetization of concrete containing nano silica and steel fibers. J Build Eng 2024;91:109342.
[31]     Ahmed SM, Manar DF. Effect of static magnetic field treatment on fresh concrete and water reduction potential. Case Stud Constr Mater 2021;14:e00535.
[32]     Fahimi A, Fakharian P, Mirakhan A, Farahani A, Zhou Z, Zhao Y, et al. Elemental doping and size effect-modified biomass-derived carbon: a fascinating microwave absorbing/shielding and energy saving material. J Mater Chem C 2024;12:12535–48. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TC01861C.
[33]     Farahani HZ, Farahani A, Fakharian P, Jahed Armaghani D. Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Polymer Silica Fume Concrete with Vinyl Ester Resin. Materials (Basel) 2023;16:757.
[34]     Ferrández D, Saiz P, Morón C, Dorado MG, Morón A. Inductive method for the orientation of steel fibers in recycled mortars. Constr Build Mater 2019;222:243–53.
[35]     Abavisani I, Rezaifar O, Kheyroddin A. Alternating magnetic field effect on fine-aggregate concrete compressive strength. Constr Build Mater 2017;134:83–90.
[36]     Abavisani I, Rezaifar O, Kheyroddin A. Magneto-electric control of scaled-down reinforced concrete beams. ACI Struct J 2017;114:233–44.
[37]     Rezaifar O, Abavisani I, Kheyroddin A. Magneto-electric active control of scaled-down reinforced concrete columns. ACI Struct J 2017;114:1351–62.
[38]     Zieliński M. Influence of constant magnetic field on the properties of waste phosphogypsum and fly ash composites. Constr Build Mater 2015;89:13–24.
[39]     Tarbozagh AS, Rezaifar O, Gholhaki M. Electromagnetism in taking concrete behavior on demand. Structures, vol. 27, Elsevier; 2020, p. 1057–65.
[40]     Tarbozagh AS, Rezaifar O, Gholhaki M, Abavisani I. Magnetic enhancement of carbon nanotube concrete compressive behavior. Constr Build Mater 2020;262:120772.
[41]     Hajforoush M, Kheyroddin A, Rezaifar O. Investigation of engineering properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete exposed to homogeneous magnetic field. Constr Build Mater 2020;252:119064.
[42]     Institute AC. ACI. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. ACI 318-19. Farmington Hills, MI, USA: 2019.
[43]     ASTM International. ASTM C150 / C150M-19a Standard Specification for Portland Cement. Annu B ASTM Stand 2019:2019.
[44]     ASTM C33, (2018). Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates, ASTM International West Conshohocken. 2018:2018.
[45]     ASTM International. ASTM D1129-13. Standard Terminology Relating to Water. West Conshohocken, PA.: 2013.
[46]     ASTM International. ASTM C494. Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. West Conshohocken, PA, USA.: 2004.
[47]     Grant IS, Phillips WR. Electromagnetism. John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
[48]     ASTM C192. Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory (2018). ASTM International, West Conshohocken. PA, USA. 2018:2018.
[49]     Song H-W, Saraswathy V. Corrosion Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structures – A Review. Int J Electrochem Sci 2007;2:1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)17049-0.
[50]     AASHTO T95. Standard Method of Test for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration . AASHTO Provisional Stand 2011:3–5.
[51]     ASTM International. ASTM C1202–05. Test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration, Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 2006.
[52]     Nordtest method. NT BUILD 942: Concrete , Mortar and Cement-Based Repair Materials : CHLORIDE MIGRATION COEFFICIENT FROM NON-STEADY-STATE MIGRATION EXPERIMENTS. Measurement 1999:1–8.
[53]     Mu R, Li H, Qing L, Lin J, Zhao Q. Aligning steel fibers in cement mortar using electro-magnetic field. Constr Build Mater 2017;131:309–16.
[54]     Hosseini P, Kaveh A, Naghian A AA. Eco-friendly building solutions: integrating mahallat’s travertine sludge in concrete production. Int J Optim Civ Eng 2024;14:229–52. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.22068/ijoce.2024.14.2.584.
[55]     Hosseini P, Kaveh A NA. The Use of Artificial Neural Networks and Metaheuristic Algorithms to Optimize the Compressive Strength of Concrete. Int J Optim Civ Eng 2023;13:327–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66051-1_3.
[56]     Hosseini P, Kaveh A, Naghian A. Development and Optimization of Self-Compacting Concrete Mixes: Insights From Artificial Neural Networks and Computational Approaches. Int J Optim Civ Eng Int J Optim Civ Eng 2023;13:457–76. https://doi.org/10.22068/ijoce.2023.13.4.566.
[57]     Standards B of I. Standard, I.:456. Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete. New Delhi, India.: 2000.
[58]     Zealand SN. Standards New Zealand. Concrete Structures Standard -NZS 3101. New Zealand: 2006.
[59]     Eurocode No.2. Design of Concrete Structures, Part I, General rules and rules for buildings (2002). Final Draft. 2002:2002.
[60]     Institution BS. BS 8110. Structural use of concrete. London: 1985.
[61]     Hou J, Chung DDL. Effect of admixtures in concrete on the corrosion resistance of steel reinforced concrete. Corros Sci 2000;42:1489–507.
[62]     Shi C. Effect of mixing proportions of concrete on its electrical conductivity and the rapid chloride permeability test (ASTM C1202 or ASSHTO T277) results. Cem Concr Res 2004;34:537–45.
[63]     Bassuoni MT, Nehdi ML, Greenough TR. Enhancing the reliability of evaluating chloride ingress in concrete using the ASTM C 1202 rapid chloride penetrability test. ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2006.
[64]     Güneyisi E, Mermerdaş K. Comparative study on strength, sorptivity, and chloride ingress characteristics of air-cured and water-cured concretes modified with metakaolin. Mater Struct 2007;40:1161–71.
[65]     Real S, Bogas JA, Pontes J. Chloride migration in structural lightweight aggregate concrete produced with different binders. Constr Build Mater 2015;98:425–36.
[66]     Youm K-S, Moon J, Cho J-Y, Kim JJ. Experimental study on strength and durability of lightweight aggregate concrete containing silica fume. Constr Build Mater 2016;114:517–27.
[67]     Pontes J, Bogas JA, Real S, Silva A. The rapid chloride migration test in assessing the chloride penetration resistance of normal and lightweight concrete. Appl Sci 2021;11:7251.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 03 May 2025
  • Revise Date: 03 June 2025
  • Accept Date: 16 June 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics